* This is my article in BusinessWorld on March 19, 2018.
See also:
Part 1 of this short study was published in this column
on Feb. 15. Some corrections and adjustments are made here because of (a) lower
coal consumption for power generation, and (b) using an incremental increase in
coal excise tax.
Total coal consumption in 2016 was 23.2 million tons but
one industry player informed me that not all of these were used for coal power
plants. Some were used for cement plants and other industrial uses. The
estimated amount used for coal power generation is 20 million tons.
Coal excise tax before TRAIN (Tax Reform for Acceleration
and Inclusion) was P10/ton, the law has increased this per ton to P50 in 2018,
P100 in 2019, and P150 in 2020. The incremental increase is used in the table
below.
Meralco computation of oil cost for their captive
customers based on November 2017 data was 0.6 centavos/kWh in 2018 when oil tax
is only P2.50/liter. There are no projections for 2019-2020 so I estimated the
numbers for these years using the respective oil tax rates of P4.50 then
P6/liter.
Oil share in Meralco power distribution that period was
only 0.9% of total. In 2016, oil share to total power generation nationwide was
6.2%. So a multiplier of 7x (= 6.2/0.9) is used for the national oil tax rate.
Before, VAT on transmission charge was minimal, it
applied only on ancillary service. With TRAIN, the VAT is applied on other
transmission costs (power delivery, system operator, metering, etc.).
Hike in universal charge is not included here but this
might be minimal. Many island provinces and remote islands of big provinces get
electricity from gensets running on diesel. The generation cost is naturally
high, from P10-20/kwh but residents there are not charged that full amount, a
big portion is subsidized and passed on to all other consumers nationwide via
the universal charge.
Last month, the Energy Policy Development Program (EPDP)
published a new study, “Electricity prices and TRAIN” by Dr. Ramon L. Clarete.
It is a neat study because it considered variations in heat content per coal
type (Yes, not all coal are the same, the same way that not all dogs are the
same). For brevity purposes, I added only a portion of his table 5 which
summarize the projected hikes in electricity prices because of TRAIN (see
table).
So from my estimates, there will be a projected
electricity price hike in centavos/kWh of 13.4 this year, nearly 20 in 2019,
and 24.6 in 2020.
The estimates by Dr. Clarete are much higher. By 2020, 14
centavos/kWh for coal plants and P1.67/kWh for diesel plants. VAT on these
hikes are not included yet, and VAT on transmission charge also not included.
In addition, Dr. Clarete used coal price for 2016 in his
study. The average price per ton of thermal coal was $70 in 2014, $58 in 2015,
$66 in 2016, $85 in 2017 (Q1-Q3), data from statista.com. In the first three
months of 2018 it is around $100 average.
So with 2018 prices about 50% higher than 2016 prices,
the projected rise in electricity price from coal plants would be higher than
his estimated 14 centavos/kWh, perhaps could go up to 18 centavos or higher.
These costs are for direct household electricity
consumption alone. Not included are pass-on rates in the form of higher prices
by factories, schools and universities, shops and malls, hotels and
restaurants, hospitals and airports, etc. These enterprises consume tens of
thousands of kWh per month, the additional electricity cost will be passed on
the consumers, which might affect sales and hence, affect future salaries and
benefits of workers.
The tax hike for coal and oil products is among the worst
mistakes of TRAIN law. Retaining the high 12% VAT is another. Government has no
justification in making cheaper energy become expensive. We hope that these
mistakes will be recognized soon so that succeeding TRAIN 2, TRAIN 3, etc. will
either reverse them, or at least not make them even worse.
---------------See also:
BWorld 193, TRAIN, inflation and emerging DOE price control, March 16, 2018
BWorld 194, How ‘pro-labor’ policies work against labor, March 17, 2018
BWorld 195, Health alarmism in TRAIN sin tax hike, March 19, 2018
BWorld 196, Mining tax and TRAIN, March 20, 2018
