Showing posts with label PPP. Show all posts
Showing posts with label PPP. Show all posts

Wednesday, May 23, 2018

Economic central planners meet ecological central planners

When economic central planners were hoodwinked by, or partner with ecological central planners, one result is lousy economic policy based on crystal-ball predictions. Like this high oil, LPG, coal taxes under TRAIN 1. Dutertenomists believed that world oil prices would never rise high anymore partly because they thought that world demand for oil will flatline or decline soon as more e-cars, e-bikes, e-buses come in. Of course the major reason is they want more transfer of money from private/household pockets to government pockets while they help "save the planet."

Here is an example, economic central planners thought that ecological central planners like UN-Al Gore-CCC, etc would be so right in predicting declining world oil demand and hence, low/stable world oil prices.

Pernia: Gov't did not expect crude price to reach multi-year highs
ABS-CBN News, May 19 2018 12:51 AM

I talked to one DOF Junior staff and that's what he told me, DOF and the rest of Dutertenomics were thinking that supply-demand of gas engine cars will decline as demand for electric cars will rise fast. Eh 1980s ko pa narinig yang e-cars e-cars na yan, after 3-4 decades mostly press release lang and far out from being a really useful stuff. The reality is the opposite of what the ecological central planners say -- demand for oil-propelled vehicles, planes, boats, will keep rising.

Dutertenomists (DOF, DBM, NEDA, DTI, BSP) were so certain then when TRAIN was still a bill, that the inflationary impact of higher oil prices due to high oil taxes would be only 0.7% max. As of April 2018, ytd jump in inflation was 1.2% or nearly double their projected rates. So NEDA issued another prediction last May 04 that look like based on crystal-ball de manghuhula again.

UPTICK IN INFLATION TEMPORARY – NEDA
May 4, 2018

I said "crystal-ball prediction" by NEDA of inflation tapering off because govt, via LTFRB and Malacanang, with implicit silence of all Dutertenomists, will not grant any fare hike adjustments. Govt is good in sucking taxes from owners and operators of jeepneys, taxi, UV express, buses but will never grant fare adjustments.

If the Dutertenomists are responsible and honest, they should voice out granting the fare hike adjustments now and find other means to minimize the impact. Wala eh, pasimple lang.

Then January 2019 is near, round 2 of tax hikes for oil and coal, also LPG I think. Inflationary pressure will build up as early as December or Nov. 2018. Then tatahimik naman mga Dutertenomists for any fare hikes?

To say that PH inflation rate is high because of high world oil prices is dishonesty. If that statement is correct, then many if not all oil-importing countries in the world should have experienced high inflation in 2018 compared to December 2017 or full year 2017. This is NOT the case. Many countries even experienced deep decline in domestic prices despite the rise in world oil prices. See table 2 here,

Disruption, inflation, and taxation
May 16, 2018 | 9:22 pm

"Inflation, as we have predicted, will be higher in May, June and July but will eventually go down but still at a high level. It will average close to BSP target band, so that should not lead to suspension," Ang said.

He also cautioned against efforts to suspend the implementation of the tax reform law, saying this would affect the country’s credibility as a now investment grade nation. "TRAIN Law cannot be reversed because the cost to economy and credibility is larger," he said, adding that TRAIN is a package for economic growth. "If you suspend it, where will you get the revenues to fund growth and what will investors and ratings agency think."

Suspension of TRAIN may affect Philippines credit rating — economist
Czeriza Valencia - May 21, 2018 - 12:00am

I agree with Alvin there, I do not support the suspension of TRAIN 1. What I support is that many ugly and inflationary provisions of TRAIN 1 like high energy taxes (oil, LPG, coal), sugar tax, should be reversed and removed via TRAIN 2.

Du30 needs more TRAIN money so that the huge and many China loans that his administration will contract will be paid someday. I doubt if any of the Dutertenomists will admit the hidden agenda of build-build-build via loans-loans-loans from the China communist government.

"Government may have been too busy or too excited to collect the revenues from TRAIN that it forgot how important it is to prepare for its implementation. How a tax is implemented is equally important, if not more important, than the tax policy itself. Bad administration means bad policies. All the excel formula on the results of the TRAIN on prices and income distribution will come to naught when producers and taxpayers are left on their own to adjust to changes in tax rules." 
-- Nini Guevarra, former DOF USec.

How not to do a tax reform
Published May 15, 2018, 10:00 PM  By Milwida M. Guevara


Meanwhile, Du30 already reversed financing of Kaliwa Dam, other big projects from integrated PPP to hybrid PPP so that more China loans, China contractors will be committed/involved by his admin. Now even building coal power plants to be given to CN communist govt and its crony firms? #TRAIN money will pay for these new big loans, http://bworldonline.com/china-may-build-clean-coal-power.../

Sunday, March 18, 2018

On expensive China loans/ODA

On February 21, 2018, Philippines Defense Forces Forum posted this photo and brief note:

NEDA secretary Ernesto Pernia admits China's interest rate of 3% is much higher than Japan's 0.25%-0.75%, in talk in front of businessmen and economists this afternoon.

Asked why the government is availing more of China's expensive loans than Japan's cheaper offer Pernia could only reply "Because we need more friends". #IdolNiDuterte #ChinaPuppet


It was Dr. Ciel Habito who asked Pernia that questions. Now notice this statement: 

"Pernia admits China's interest rate of 3% is much higher than Japan's 0.25%-0.75%... because 'we need more friends.'"

Ok, PH taxpayers are "less friends" of the Duterte administration that is why we must pay more taxes via TRAIN and they will give more money to their "more friends" China Communist Party. Magaleeeng.

To the Dutertenomists and TRAIN rah-rah boys and girls -- eto abangan nyo: the main purpose of "more revenues via TRAIN" is not exactly more infra but more payment for China loans. We have NLEX, SCTEX, TPLEX, SLEX, STAR, CAVITEX, NAIAEX, Skyways, etc even without big tax hikes. Lots of "hybrid PPP" were actually integrated PPP before President Duterte came to power.

Integrated PPP means no need for new ODA, new loans from China or elsewhere, no need for tax-tax-tax because the private builders of those big infra have the financial, technical and engineering resources, network to build those behemoth structures at minimal cost to taxpayers (only right of way cost, etc). Hybrid PPP means more loans, especially from the China communist party.

Recall also that when Ernesto Pernia was newly appointed as NEDA chief, he justified the series of drugs murders as "necessary evil." 

Tweets February 21:

@bendeveraINQ (Ben Arnold de Vera)
@SecPernia: First basket of infra projects for Chinese financing includes Kaliwa Dam, Chico River Pump Irrigation, North-South Railway south line between Manila and Bicol.

@Noysky
Replying to @bendeveraINQ @SecPernia @InquirerBiz
Wow, tax-tax-tax de TRAIN so that PH govt can pay these big loans fr China? Horrible. These shd be integrated PPPs and not charged to taxpayers.

Gus Cosio @gus_cosio
Replying to @ClaireJiao @Noysky @cnnphilippines
Japan offers better quality performance at cheaper cost. Why in heaven’s name will you burden us with this preposterous idea?

@bendeveraINQ
@SecPernia: But the Japanese had been slow in process of financing projects, while the Chinese has become more aggresive @InquirerBiz

@bendeveraINQ
@SecPernia: Chinese loans, at best, slapped 2-3% interest per annum vs. Japan soft loans/ODA at 0.25-0.75%, but we haven’t signed loan agreements with China yet DD-biz-INQUIRES_

@bendeveraINQ
Pernia: We don’t want a repeat of our previous experience with China (referring to NBN-ZTE deal), that’s why PH and Chinese govts established vetting process for Chinese firms bidding for PH projects under @NEDAhq ICC @InquirerBiz.

Now see this report,

3 Chinese firms interested in Kaliwa dam
February 16, 2018 | 12:15 am

"Under the previous administration, the P18.72-billion Kaliwa dam had two pre-qualified bidders, which are now out of the picture... It used to be a public-private partnership, with MWSS as implementing agency.

Since the project is funded by ODA from China, Mr. Velasco said there will be no pre-qualification stage since the Chinese embassy identifies the three pre-qualified companies."

Another big China loan, contractors and suppliers identified by China embassy, very likely cronies of the China Communist Party. PH goverment agencies will wait for the terms and say "Yes", and PH taxpayers will pay for the bill, courtesy of TRAIN de tax-tax-tax. 

From sir Doy Segundo E Romero, Feb. 22:

"ON CHINA'S HEGEMONIC ACTIONS AGAINST THE PHILIPPINES
A few weeks ago, an EU ambassador posted in Sri Lanka repeated to me what a Chinese diplomat told him: 'No big deal. The Philippines is not even a real country.' Nasaktan talaga ako."

Last week, Dr. Pernia replied in my fb wall where I tagged him on this subject. He wrote,

"Nonoy Oplas got it all wrong — making a comment without even knowing the context. Rather unscholarly and malicious!"

I replied, "Ok Sir Ernie, what is the non-malicious explanation why (a) PH government should get new foreign loans when many projects were already under integrated PPP (not "hybrid" that require new loans, or new public spending and hence, new taxes), and (b) why China loans considering that China interest rates are high, and China Communist Party is a theft of PH territory?

I will apologize for my statements above if these can be clarified. Thank you."

As I expected, no further reply or clarification.

Monday, January 15, 2018

BWorld 179, Federalism dream vs centralized government

* This is my article in BusinessWorld last January 5.


Repeated calls for federalism by the Duterte administration actually point to more centralization of the national government — the complete opposite of what they’re advocating.

Here are some examples.

1. National taxes have been rising, instead of declining, which could have helped prepare federal states to have their own income and value-added taxes, etc. Instead of lowering the top marginal income tax rate of 32%, it was even raised to 35%. Instead of reducing the VAT to 10% or 8% with few exemptions, the 12% was retained but many sectors were also exempted.

2. Expanding the number of departments and bureaus instead of reducing them. The Department of Transportation and Communication (DoTC) has become two departments — the Department of Transportation (DoTr) and the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT). Then there are proposals to create a Department of Housing, Department of Fisheries. A good federal set up is to abolish many existing departments (like NEDA, DA, DENR, DoH, DoT, etc.) and allow the state governments to create their own departments as they see fit, create, or expand local or state revenues to finance these state departments.

3. Forcing national legislative franchising like buses and taxi, instead of decentralized regional or provincial franchising. Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez and other House leaders are behind the proposal.

4. Reversing integrated public private partnerships (PPP) where government fiscal exposure is very limited to hybrid PPP where national government budget and foreign borrowings (especially China ODA) is much bigger. A meaningful federal set up will empower the state governments to deal with local infrastructure like airports, seaports, provincial tollways and inter-city MRT/LRT.

5. Centralized declaration of class suspensions. During the anti-martial law rallies in Sept. 21, 2017, MalacaƱang declared a Luzon-wide or nationwide class suspensions even if many provinces and cities did not even have scheduled rallies. Then during the PISTON jeepney strike in Oct. 16-17, 2017, MalacaƱang declared nationwide class suspensions, even if many provinces and cities did not even have planned jeep strike. President Duterte should have allowed the mayors and governors to decide, saying something like “the national government will step back from these decisions and it is up to the local governments to decide what’s best for their people.”

Beyond federalism plans contradicted by more centralization of powers and taxation, a long-term alternative would be for the Philippines to split into many new countries and allow these new countries to compete with one another in the field of taxation, governance, infrastructure, trade, and tourism to attract more investors and visitors from around the world. Peace and diplomacy will be retained as fellow ASEAN member-states as well as various multilateral formations and the United Nations.

Many existing Philippine island-provinces are actually comparable in size to existing countries and/or big territories (see table).


This is a far out view and may not be considered in the current decade but would appear more viable through time. Singapore will not be as dynamic and developed as it is now if it was just one of many states of Malaysia.

Under the current activities of the Duterte administration, there lies a danger that when federalism is finally enacted, local entrepreneurs and job creators will be walloped with both high national and high local taxes, fees, royalties and various mandatory spending. This will be a good formula to encourage more corruption and black market business operation, or get out of the country and do business elsewhere.

For the federalism plan to be more attractive to the people, the national government should learn to step back, to tax less, regulate less, bureaucratize less, build confidence among the people and investors in the provinces that indeed they will be given more leeway, more opportunities to craft their own political and economic identity.
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See also:
BWorld 115, Centralization and federalism, March 23, 2017
BWorld 171, Global vs national tax reforms, December 29, 2017 

Saturday, January 06, 2018

BWorld 176, Road trips and PPP projects

* This is my column in BusinessWorld last December 28, 2017.


For the third straight year, I drove my family from Makati City to Iloilo City via roll-on roll-off (RoRo) vessels during the holidays.

The road trip came with its own set of inconveniences that were nevertheless offset by several benefits: It allowed my family to carry more cargo (compared to flying) and also allowed my two daughters to enjoy boat rides.

In December 2015 and 2016, I drove days before Christmas, to avoid the long queues of vehicles at the ports of Batangas and Roxas or Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. This year, I drove early morning of Dec. 25 and I noticed two improvements.

First, toll fees were no longer collected that day (or at least in early morning) in the three tollways — South Luzon Expressway (SLEx), the SLEx extension, and the Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR) and I wish to thank the tollway operators for that Christmas gift.

As expected, travel was smooth and safe on these tollways, indicating once more the beauty of privately operated infrastructure and user-pay principle.

Last but not the least, only a few cars queued at the Batangas and Roxas ports although there were also fewer boats that day.

Roads from Calapan to Roxas in Oriental Mindoro are generally good although motorcycles and tricycles — especially in big municipalities like Calapan, Naujan, and Pinamalayan — delayed travel.

Likewise, the highways in Aklan province were smooth. In Capiz, roads have generally improved but several portions have remained bumpy. Motorcycles and tricycles on these roads have also increased significantly, extending travel time.

These bring up two important subjects.

First, the need to expand and modernize our roads via tollways, constructed and operated by the private sector through the public-private partnership (PPP) scheme.

Existing roads will remain and will be maintained by the DPWH and local governments but there should be an alternative thoroughfares for motorists who are willing to pay for faster and safer travel.

Here is a list of potential new tollways that currently have big vehicle traffic volume. I am not sure if there are already unsolicited proposals for these tollways.

1. Calapan-Roxas, Oriental Mindoro. This covers 126 kilometers with additional entry/exit in larger municipalities such as Naujan and Pinamalayan. Vehicle volume has practically exploded with the 24/7 operations of RoRo boats between Batangas-Calapan and Roxas-Caticlan. Many tourists and visitors from Metro Manila and nearby provinces are travelling to the islands of Mindoro (Oriental and Occidental provinces) and Panay (Aklan, Capiz, Antique, Iloilo provinces).

2. Caticlan or Kalibo, Aklan-Iloilo City. Caticlan hosts the main seaport and airport for hundreds of thousands of yearly visitors who go to Boracay. Panay island has many tourist attractions besides its already substantial population.

3. Escalante-Bacolod-Dumaguete, Negros island. The Escalante-Bacolod route connects the two provincial capitals of Negros Occidental and Cebu while the Bacolod-Dumaguete route connects the two provinces’ capitals. There are four sea connections from Negros to Cebu with rising commerce and investments between the two islands. Escalante-Tabuelan, San Carlos-Toledo, Guihulngan-Tangil, and Dumaguete-Bogo or Oslob.

Second, the Duterte government shouldn’t have reversed the previous policy of integrated PPP (building/construction + operation and maintenance, O&M are under a single entity) and change to hybrid PPP (building/construction and O&M done by two separate entities, the former usually China-owned firms via China ODA).

Many Philippine-based construction companies need more experience and infrastructure portfolio that further strengthen their technical and financial capability to do more PPP nationwide and regionwide. Our emerging economic neighbors Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar have started some large projects in the past and will soon undertake even bigger developments — provincial tollways, city skyways, big airports, and seaports, water, and power projects, school buildings and other civil structures.

ASEAN-based infrastructure and construction firms will have the advantage compared to those outside the region.

And pretty soon, fast-developing countries outside the region like India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan will also embark on large-scale infrastructure development via PPP as the scheme will significantly free their fiscal resources while having big, capital-intensive projects at the same time.

Philippine-based construction firms with large portfolio of finished and on-going projects in the Philippines and ASEAN neighbors will have some advantage because of evolving trade and investment partnerships among Asian countries.

It may have been wrong for the Duterte government to reverse previously planned integrated PPP and change to hybrid PPP just to accommodate China ODA and firms.

After all, there should be less government intervention in sectors and activities where market competition and innovation is present and can be further strengthened. Bigger government is reserved for promoting the rule of law and respecting and enforcing contracts and obligations between and among competing and regulated entities.
-----------------

See also:

Tuesday, October 10, 2017

PPP vs ODA tax-tax-tax

Related to my BWorld article yesterday, Build-build-build is possible without new taxes, are the following articles and reports, all from BWorld.

1. Last week, an article by a friend Romy Bernardo. I disagree with his position of course. Hi Romy :-) http://bworldonline.com/bye-bye-build-build-build/

2. Related article from another friend, Karla Michelle Yu of AER. I disagree also with AER's  "halleluiah tax-tax-tax Dutertah" position. http://bworldonline.com/angaras-train-deception/

3. Two weeks ago, this paper was well-shared and circulated because of the hard facts narrated by the author -- many foreign investors are taking the wait-see or abandon-PH stance. Mainly because of Du30. http://bworldonline.com/investors-shifting-sentiments/

4. No need for tax-tax-tax in this huge, multi-billion CALAX project. The private consortium has the money, eng'g expertise and other corporate network to finance, build and operate these big infra.

"The P35.43-billion CALAX project involves the construction of a 44.6-kilometer four-lane toll road between the Cavite Expressway (CAVITEx) in Kawit, Cavite and the SLEx-Mamplasan Interchange." http://bworldonline.com/calax-cavite-segment.../

5. Also the Cavite-Tagaytay-Batangas Expway (CTBeX), 49 kms long, P22.4 B. http://bworldonline.com/dpwh-may-approve-ctbex-project.../

6. And the P18.7 B Kaliwa dam, zero need for tax-tax-tax as it will be an integrated PPP project but Du30 insists we should pay more taxes because we will pay more China loans. BBB (build-build-build) can also mean Beijing-borrowings-barkada ni Dutertah.

7. The Mactan-Cebu airport new passenger terminal is a PPP, Megawide contract, P17.5 B project cost. Bigger, construction period shorter, compared to ODA-funded Iloilo airport project. Zero need for tax-tax-tax to build this big, modern, passenger terminal.


The DOF and Dutertenomists are sad in this report, that they cannot confiscate more money from the pockets of citizens. They badly need hundreds of billions of new tax money per year on top of trillions of tax money, so there will be more economic central planning, more social engineering. After all, they are very bright people. http://bworldonline.com/tax-reform-legislation-hurdles.../

The tax-tax-tax policy will further sour the business sentiment here. Less money in the pockets of citizens, more money in the coffers of Du30, Alvarez, and thousands of their minions in the Executive and Legislative branches.
----------------

See also:
BWorld 142, PPP vs ODA, Part 3, August 08, 2017 

BWorld 156, Integrated PPP vs hybrid PPP, October 04, 2017 
BWorld 157, Build-build-build is possible without new taxes, October 09, 2017

Monday, October 09, 2017

BWorld 157, Build-build-build is possible without new taxes

* This is my article in BusinessWorld today.


Among the biggest alibis given by Dutertenomics as to why we need new or higher taxes is the fact that the government needs more money to bankroll “build-build-build” hybrid PPP (public private partnerships) plans. Then warnings were issued by both government and its nongovernment allies that “no new taxes, no build-build-build.” For me, this is blackmail and should not easily be accepted by the public. Here are my three reasons.

One, there have been many past PPP projects in operation and current PPP projects under construction that did not necessitate large-scale new taxes or tax hikes (see table).


Two, an integrated PPP (construction then operation and maintenance (O&M) under one private entity or consortium) will accomplish the task at little financial exposure and burden for the government and taxpayers. And there would be no or little need for many of these taxes. But Dutertenomics is inclined to favor hybrid PPP (construction is government via foreign loans/ODA and/or annual budget/GAA, O&M is private) for some unholy reasons like implicitly favoring China loans, China contractors, and banks. Or using administration cronies as contractors in exchange for big favors.

Compare the motive of an administration with only six years in office (only 4+ years in the case of the current regime) vs. big local companies which have been around for the past 30, 50, or 100+ years and intend to be here for the next 50, 100+ years. The former has the tendency to amass wealth quick and worry about political scandals later. The latter would try to avoid political and business scandals as they have corporate brands to protect and will bank on those brands for many decades to come here and abroad.

Three, more integrated PPP portfolio for big local firms and consortia means wider experience and more confidence in the field, bigger business opportunities to join PPP projects in our neighbors in the ASEAN and beyond. Philippine-based construction and infrastructure consortia will soon become big multinationals and players in the region and the world.

Reducing the country’s personal income tax (PIT) rate should be a social goal and a public service in itself. Earning P500,000 (little less than $10,000) or higher per year and be slapped with 32% income tax is very confiscatory and immediately qualifies the government as creator of poverty. This has been going on for many years now and should be changed asap — without raising or creating new taxes somewhere.

In Singapore, the 22% top PIT applies only for incomes of $240,000/year or higher. In Malaysia, the 28% top PIT also applies for incomes of $240,000/year or higher. The Philippines should have top PIT of 28% or lower and apply at $100,000 or higher.

Nonetheless, Dutertenomics’ TRAIN will be passed very soon because (1) Congress and MalacaƱang act like one-party state with no serious significant opposition or fiscalizer, and (2) dishonesty and even some blackmail were effectively used to make the public accept tax hikes. In short, coercion and deception were put to use.

After the current package of TRAIN, there will be TRAIN 2 to be introduced next year. The current administration will have been emboldened enough to create new taxes or raise existing ones anytime it wants to because Congress coercion and public deception are going well.

A government that intervenes the least, that taxes the least, is conducive to more growth, more job creation, more production of goods and services, and less inflation, less state dependence. We will hardly see that under the current administration.
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See also:

Wednesday, October 04, 2017

BWorld 156, Integrated PPP vs hybrid PPP

I have a video in BusinessWorld on public private partnerships (PPP), two minutes long posted some three weeks ago. So far 14k+ views, thanks readers/viewers.


One good example why a straight, integrated PPP (construction then O&M under one entity or consortium) is better than hybrid PPP (government/ODA will do or sub-contract the construction phase, then give the O&M function to local firms/consortium later).


I have two other videos in BW still under editing. Thank you.
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See also:

Tuesday, August 08, 2017

BWorld 142, PPP vs ODA, Part 3

* This is my article in BusinessWorld on June 30, 2017.


This is a continuation of two earlier pieces I wrote about that compared two funding schemes of government infrastructure projects in the Philippines -- through public-private partnership and official development assistance.

In this vein, I wish to correct the numbers I previously cited in my second piece, entitled “PPP vs. ODA: Part 2.” I wrote that “Vaughn Montes cited the big contrast between ODA-funded SCTEx and the PPP-funded TPLEx. SCTEx... cost nearly twice at $32.8 billion vs. the approved budget of $18.7 billion or P341 million per kilometer. TPLEx cost only P61 million per kilometer.”

Recently, Dr. Bong Montes sent me his presentation during a Management Association of the Philippines (MAP) meeting. The correct numbers about SCTEx are: Cost overruns are from P18.7B to P32.8B; Cost per kilometer is P349M vs. TPLEx P274M. Thanks for this, Bong.

The same presentation indicated a summary of the delineation of risks and values between Public Private Partnership (PPP) funding and government funding (see Table 1).

The main beef of PPP project funding therefore is the transfer of significant risks to the private sector. The shared risks for both private and government are bankability and force majeure.

The “hybrid PPP” plan of Dutertenomics is to award the construction of many big infrastructure projects via foreign aid or Official Development Assistance (ODA) mostly from China, or the annual General Appropriations Act (GAA), then invite local private operators later for the operation and maintenance (O&M).

This plan will invite big current and future controversies for the following reasons.

One, private O&M operators will not take over a facility that they did not design and construct without prior intensive due diligence. If project quality is poor and thus O&M will be high, then bidders will demand high prices for the O&M. The government-contracted construction company (from China) may have undercut the design and quality to maximize profit and potential kickbacks and leave the headache of high maintenance costs to the separate O&M operator/s.

The most optimal scheme is a straight, integrated PPP funding from design and construction to O&M. The private party mobilizes its internal financial muscle and borrows to fund capex, and make sure that construction is of high quality so that O&M will be lower. As a result, the public and the taxpayers benefit, which also means a lower tax burden to pay for the project cost. Moreover, frequent users of the facility will pay every time they use it and taxpayers from far away provinces and regions who seldom or do not even benefit from it will not be burdened.

Two, Dutertenomics’ sudden pivot to China ODA is highly anomalous because China is not exactly a good source of foreign aid even in the recent past. Its share in total ODA in 2014 and 2015 (latest data available from NEDA) is miniscule, only $123M out of total $30.08 billion (see Table 2).



Only ODA with at least $70M in two years are included here. Other sources of ODA at smaller amount are Austria, Spain, Norway, New Zealand.

Three, PPP projects are generally the fastest way to do things compared to ODA funding, especially China ODA. Project development to groundbreaking takes 27 months through the PPP, 37 months through Korean ODA, 38 months through Japanese government funding, and 40 months on Chinese aid.

The most famous tollway in the Philippines, the North Luzon Expressway (NLEx) was built via World Bank ODA in the 1970s. O&M is private, currently the Manila North Tollways Corp. (MNTC). The independent design checker and certification engineer on its rehabilitation is Norconsult Philippines, probably the first Norwegian company to do business in the country since the ’70s. NLEx toll fee of around P2.50/kilometer from Sta. Ines to Balintawak is the lowest among the many tollways in the country.
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See also:
BWorld 138, PPP vs ODA, Part 2, June 21, 2017 
BWorld 139, State central planning vs household decentralized planning, June 22, 2017 

BWorld 140, Mineral rent and taxation, June 23, 2017 

BWorld 141, Reducing system loss, Part 2, June 30, 2017

Wednesday, June 21, 2017

BWorld 138, PPP vs ODA, Part 2

* This is my article in BusinessWorld last week.


“The first lesson of economics is scarcity: there is never enough of anything to fully satisfy all those who want it. The first lesson of politics is to disregard the first lesson of economics.”
-- Thomas Sowell (US economist and political philosopher)

This paper is a continuation of the same topic in this column last June 8. To summarize previous arguments:

1. User-pay principle via public-private partnership (PPP) means only those whose the service or facility will pay for its construction and maintenance. As a result, the rest of the population in other parts of the country will be spared of such cost.

2. All-taxpayers-pay principle means projects are paid by current taxpayers through the annual general appropriations act (GAA) or by future taxpayers through official development assistance (ODA). Taxpayers from Visayas and Mindanao will also pay for toll roads, dams, airports even if they hardly use these since these are located in Luzon.

3. It is not true that infrastructure projects funded by official development assistance (ODA) and/or taxpayers through the GAA are more beneficial to the public than PPP-funded projects. Iloilo Airport -- which was funded by ODA -- took longer to build and incurred cost overruns compared to the PPP-funded Mactan-Cebu Airport, which remains on schedule despite initial delays.

4. There are inherent problems and risks to the public under GAA- and ODA-funded projects since ODA funding normally has strings attached. Thus, a project funded by China ODA may require the government to hire Chinese contractors, suppliers, managers, and even workers.

We now add more reasons why the Dutertenomics’ shift from PPP to ODA (mainly from China) funding of its build-build-build plan is unwise and risky.

5. In a Management Association of the Philippines (MAP) forum two weeks ago, finance expert Vaughn Montes cited the big contrast between ODA-funded Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway (SCTEx) and the PPP-funded Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway (TPLEx). SCTEx took seven years from government approval to completion, two years delayed, and cost nearly twice at $32.8 billion vs. the approved budget of $18.7 billion or P341 million per kilometer. TPLEx cost only P61 million per kilometer.

6. Investor confidence in the Philippine economy has gained momentum compared to some of our neighbors in the region and it is not wise to constrain such confidence by ditching many PPP projects and shift to ODA and GAA funding.

The expansion of FDI in the Philippines from 2000 to 2009 (last year of the Gloria Arroyo administration) was not significant (less than twice). However, during the same period, FDI expanded almost five times in Singapore, about four times in Indonesia and Vietnam, about three times in Thailand, Cambodia, South Korea, and Taiwan.

But from 2009-2015 or just six years, FDI in the Philippines expanded two and a half times while there was only two times expansion in Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Myanmar; and less than two times expansion in Thailand, Malaysia, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan. It is this kind of investor confidence and momentum that can greatly propel the Philippines into more investments and job creation, faster growth and infrastructure buildup.


7. The government’s PPP Center noted that “most PPP bids received in recent years have come at lower than the approved government costs. If in the instance that actual project costs turned out higher than approved government costs, the private sector partner assumes or shoulders cost overrun risk.”

8. The China government is the least trustworthy source of ODA funding considering that it is acting belligerently and aggressively in bullying the Philippines and other ASEAN neighbors that have claims over the many islands and islets in the South China Sea or West Philippine Sea (WPS). Note also that recent China-funded projects in the country were notoriously scandal-ridden -- North Rail and National Broadband Network (NBN)-ZTE projects.

The insistence of the Duterte administration to compromise the income and savings of Filipino taxpayers -- even if there are many big private investors, local and foreign, that are willing to shoulder the costs and risks of infrastructure projects -- may result in shenanigans and large-scale corruption.

And its consistent pronouncement of relying more on the money and contractors of the bully state across the WPS would further weaken the Philippines’ territorial claims to those islands and exclusive economic zone and weaken the rule of law.

Honest minds in the Duterte Cabinet should remind the President of the economic and political dangers that it is treading on.
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See also: 
BWorld 135, On reducing the distribution system loss, June 9, 2017 
BWorld 136, Income tax and the politics of envy, June 12, 2017 

BWorld 137, ASEAN trade expansion and RCEP, June 20, 2017

Thursday, June 08, 2017

BWorld 134, PPP vs ODA

* This is my article in BusinessWorld last week.


Among the important characteristics of the user-pay principle is that only those who use the service or facility will pay for its construction and maintenance while the rest of the population -- who won’t use them -- will be spared of such cost. This characteristic is embedded in the public-private partnership (PPP) mode of construction, procurement, and maintenance of big infrastructure projects.

In contrast, projects that are funded through the annual general appropriations act (GAA) and official development assistance (ODA) are under all-taxpayers-pay principle. More specifically, GAA are paid by current taxpayers while ODA are to be paid by future taxpayers.

Last month, the government through the Department of Transportation (DoTr) and Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) has terminated the PPP mode of Development, Operations and Maintenance for five regional airport projects -- New Bohol [Panglao], Davao, Iloilo, Laguindingan and Bacolod-Silay. These five projects are projected to have a total cost of P108 billion.

There are other projects that suffered from policy reversals from PPP to ODA-funding, like the Kaliwa Dam project in Quezon, and the PNR South Railway project.

Since late 2016, the Duterte administration has announced that it will avoid PPP modes whenever possible and shift to government funding via GAA or ODA or a mixture of both. The reason given is that it will be faster and cheaper to build via government funding. This will cover mostly the P8-trillion infrastructure programs then auction off the operation and maintenance (O&M) contracts to the private sector.

Recall that in my previous piece, the DOTr said during the BusinessWorld Economic Forum last May 19 that these four big projects will all be ODA-funded:

1. PNR North Railway (Manila-Clark), Q4 2017 -- Q4 2021, P255B.

2. PNR South Railway (Manila-Bicol), Q3 2018 -- 2021, P270B.

3. Mega-Manila subway (Phase 1, QC-Taguig), Q4 2019 -- 2024, P225B.

4. Edsa-Central Corridor Bus Rapid Transit BRT, Q1 2019 -- Q1 2021, P38B.

Now the basic question -- is it true that GAA or ODA-funded are more efficient, faster, and cheaper to build, than PPP-funded projects?

In the same BusinessWorld Economic Forum last May 19, one of the speakers was Oliver Tan, Chief Financial Officer of Megawide Construction Corp. He showed two tables comparing the construction of two airports in the Visayas, the New Iloilo and expanded Mactan-Cebu airports (see table).


Mactan Cebu airport terminal -- whose awarding was delayed for 18 months but will still be completed on time -- is almost five times the size of the New Iloilo airport and yet construction time is almost half that of the latter. The Cebu airport serves 17 international destinations, 27 domestic destinations, by 20 partner airlines. When this new terminal is finished middle of 2018, passengers are projected to enjoy these benefits: check in time will be reduced from 10.5 minutes to 6.85 minutes; getting luggage from 11 to 6.5 minutes; while retail outlets will rise from 17 to 28 and dining options from 17 to 31.

From this example alone, it is NOT true that burdening all taxpayers with government-implemented infra projects is more beneficial to the public.

There are inherent problems and risks to the public if GAA- and ODA-funding become the dominant mode in building important infrastructure projects.

One, a government administration is short term, limited to only six years term and thus, it has little political or corporate brand to build and protect, it can worry less of what the people would say after its term has ended especially if the project is later discovered to be of inferior quality and tainted with corruption. In contrast, a corporation has a brand to protect and it would not risk this brand that has been built for decades to be tainted with corruption and wastes.

Two, ODA funding normally have tight strings attached, like a China-ODA would mean only Chinese contractors, suppliers, managers, and even workers would do the work. Local firms would be relegated to O&M and their purchase of equipment and supplies might be constrained by the project specifications so that they will be forced to source these from China again.

Three, there are recently finished and ongoing PPP projects that are yielding positive results, like the Mactan-Cebu Airport terminal building, NAIA Expressway, Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway (TPLEx), school buildings, and automated fare collection system for the trains. These gains cannot simply be dismissed as inferior to government-promised better infra, especially under the environment of bad governance culture in the country.

Four, the user-pay principle means that a tollway or an airport in northern Luzon will be paid only by those who frequently use those facilities. So the people and taxpayers in southern Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao who seldom or do not use these facilities will be spared of servicing the cost of construction and O&M.

The shift from PPP to GAA and ODA funding of the build-build-build plan of Dutertenomics does not bode well for Filipinos.


Bienvenido S. Oplas, Jr. is the head of Minimal Government Thinkers and a Fellow of SEANET, both members of Economic Freedom Network (EFN) Asia.
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See also: 
BWorld 132, Global commodity prices, trade and growth, May 27, 2017 
BWorld 133, Dissecting Dutertenomics' overspending plan, June 01, 2017

Thursday, June 01, 2017

BWorld 133, Dissecting Dutertenomics' overspending plan

* This is my article in BusinessWorld last Tuesday.


During the BusinessWorld Economic Forum held last May 19, Budget Secretary Benjamin E. Diokno showed two interesting charts: (1) sustained overspending and borrowings, budget deficit/GDP ratio from -0.9% in 2015 to -2.7% in 2016 then -3.0% from 2017-2022. And yet (2) debt/GDP ratio was expected to decline from 44.8% in 2015 to 40.2% in 2017 and further down to 36.7% in 2022.

Is this possible? That one overspends and over-borrows and yet the debt/GDP ratio will keep falling?

DBM, NEDA, and MalacaƱang say yes because the projected taxes/GDP ratio will increase via the proposed Tax Reform bill of 2017. Sec. Diokno said in the same forum that “We will continue to guard against underspending, the Waterloo of the previous administration.”

“Underspending” for me should mean that expenditures are lesser than revenues, resulting in a fiscal surplus. When expenditures are larger than revenues but the deficit is only at -1% or below -3% of GDP, that is still overspending, not underspending. So the previous administration did not really underspend, just that it did not go into an uncontrolled spending spree.

Here are relevant numbers about the Philippines’ fiscal position and levels of outstanding public debt, and comparative debt/GDP ratio of seven ASEAN countries (see table). 

The numbers above show three important facts:

One, the average deficit in the previous administration, 2010-2015 was only P185 B/year or -1.8% of GDP, benign and considered as “underspending” by many fiscal hawks, especially when compared with deficit in 2009 (last year of the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration) and 2016 (first year of Duterte administration).

Two, low annual budget deficit and borrowings in the same period means the country’s outstanding debt stock has risen only mildly, with the average of P260 B/year.

Three, partly a result of this, the Philippines’ debt/GDP ratio over the same period showed significant decline, similar to the experience of Myanmar while other neighbors posted deficits, owing to increased borrowing.

Fewer borrowing means less debt service payments for both principal and interest. It was during the same six-year period that Philippines’ GDP growth was 6.2% per year, much higher than Thailand’s 3.7%, Indonesia and Malaysia’s 5.7%, Vietnam’s 6.0%.

In the same BW Economic Forum, the DoTr showed that these projects will be ODA (government loans) funded, not PPP.

1. PNR North Railway (Manila-Clark), construction Q4 2017 -- Q4 2021, P255 B.

2. PNR South Railway (Manila-Bicol), construction Q3 2018 -- 2021, P270 B (originally a PPP).

3. Mega-Manila subway (Phase 1, QC-Taguig), construction Q4 2019 -- 2024, P225 B.

4. Edsa-Central Corridor Bus Rapid Transit BRT (Edsa, Ayala, Ortigas, BGC, NAIA), construction Q1 2019 -- Q1 2021, P38 B.

Other big projects were identified but it wasn’t specified whether these would be funded by official development assistance (ODA) or via Public-Private Partnership (PPP). In December 2016, DoF Secretary Sonny Dominguez already indicated that infrastructure projects under the Duterte administration will avoid PPP whenever possible. And the massive China and Japan ODAs came into the picture.

Then there are tweaks in some major projects, from PPP to ODA. Like the PNR South Railway and the Kaliwa Dam project in Quezon province of Maynilad Water. What would pre-qualified players like San Miguel do with this policy reversal?

The Dutertenomics’ spending plan is detrimental to taxpayers in general and the investment environment in particular, for the following reasons.

1. Bigger annual budget deficit would mean more government loans, higher public debt stock, and will lead to higher taxes now and the future to service those huge loans to be contracted. Soon the P6/liter increase in oil excise tax will not be enough, it will further rise.

2. Massive shift from PPP (private investment) to ODA of major infrastructure projects will result in more loans which mean more public debt, more taxes, and fees in the future.
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See also: 
BWorld 132, Global commodity prices, trade and growth, May 27, 2017

Wednesday, January 02, 2013

Fat-Free Econ 35: World's 25 Largest Economies in 2012

This is my article in TV5's news portal last December 31,
http://www.interaksyon.com/business/51641/fat-free-economics--philippine-economic-prospects-viewed-against-global-growth-scene
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Diversity and spontaneity are important characteristics of the human mind if unhindered in pursuing individual talent and creativity. The more restrictions and limitations imposed on people, the less creative and innovative they can be.

This is the case of many developed economies as welfare populism has tied their entrepreneurial creativity and public finance, resulting in slow growth, and even economic contraction in some European economies like the so-called PIGS – Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain.

With modern technology, political restrictions and bureaucratic bottlenecks are somehow circumvented, allowing politically suppressed economies to grow fast. This is the case of the BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and to a certain extent, Indonesia.

Below is a quick rundown of GDP size and growth of the major global economies. We used the purchasing power parity (PPP) valuation of GDP as it reduces or eliminates hyper valuation of goods and services in many developed economies and put their values at par with those in developing economies.

There are some interesting facts in the table.

One, three Asian countries make it to the top four largest economies in the world.

Two, if growth rates over the past six years, 2006-2011, are maintained, China’s GDP will likely overtake that of the US in about five years or so, at least in PPP valuation.

Three, India has overtaken Japan this year. On a per capita GDP basis, the gap between the two is huge of course, like the gap between China and the US.

Four, at current growth rates, South Korea will land in the top 10 largest economies in less than five years, over-taking Mexico and Italy.

Five, Taiwan’s economy will touch the one trillion dollar mark in about three years if similar growth is sustained, joining the five other Asian economies including Indonesia.

Six, if the Philippines will maintain a 5 percent average growth rate over the next few years, its GDP size will reach the half-trillion dollar mark in about four years or by 2016.


 
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, October 2012.

There are several positive things going for the Philippines to grow five percent or higher, including the following:

Sustained OFW remittances growing at nearly $2 billion a year: $20.74 billion in 2010, $22.35 billion in 2011, and projected to reach $24-plus billion in 2012. More skilled labor is going abroad, like those in shipping, healthcare, management and telecoms.

The BPO industry at nearly $11 billion in 2011 and projected to reach $25 billion in 2016. So far this is the most dynamic sector as labor rigidities in the developed economies are not expected to be relaxed soon.

Renewed interest in the local stock market, among the best performing in the world in 2011 and 2012. This year, it was up by nearly 33 percent over 2011.

Tourism is also showing a huge potential as the successful peace negotiations with the MILF in Mindanao and the open skies policy provides access to more resorts across the country.

While things can be gloomy in other economies in the world, it is more optimistic in many emerging economies like the Philippines. Governments do not have to “bend backwards” and offer various fiscal incentives. They just need to promulgate the rule of law, to guarantee that contracts are respected, honored and enforced, and violators are punished accordingly.

The stability of contracts and predictability of policies, plus keeping away from the welfare populism and politics of envy that has trapped many developed countries, are important ingredients for stable and sustainable growth.

Human imagination and innovation is without limit. It is an endless, unfathomable resource.  This ensures that economic and social growth can be sustained, especially now that we have seen the social trappings of welfare populism, labor and government rigidities.
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See also:
Fat-Free Econ 31: On the Kasambahay, Solo Parents Welfare Bills, November 26, 2012