Based on the latest January 2016 labor force survey data
by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), there were 2.47 million
unemployed and 7.88 million underemployed Filipinos, representing 5.8% and
19.7% of the total 42.5 million total labor force in the country. So 10.35
million (25.5% of labor force) were either unemployed or underemployed, a big
figure.
Also from among East Asian economies, Philippine unemployment rate is the highest. From 2010-2015 especially, where the Philippines has the highest average GDP growth rates in East Asia except China, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar, unemployment rate remained the highest in the region. Not included in the table below are Cambodia and Laos because no data was available in the IMF database (see table).
What explains for this discrepancy or disconnect between
the Philippines’ fast growth and persistent high unemployment?
I myself have doubts about the country’s unemployment
data since several years ago.
But it’s not about the data itself as collated and
reported by the PSA but the attitude and response of survey respondents when
PSA survey staff talk to them.
The reasons for my skepticism are the following:
One, survey respondents tend to highlight the adverse
side of their economic status. When people approach the public for social
surveys, the tendency of respondents is to report the pessimistic side of their
lives mainly to avoid taxation if they declare that they have a regular job,
and/or they expect more welfare and subsidy programs, especially if more of them
will declare that they are unemployed or underemployed.
Two, voluntary and short-term unemployment.
A person offered a P60,000 a month job but declined it
because he is waiting for a possible job offer with a higher salary is
technically jobless and unemployed, especially if that person happened to be
surveyed by the PSA at that time. That person has a high “reservation wage” but
neither is he poor or miserable.
Countries with unemployment rate of 1%-3% are considered
having a “full employment” economies because those 1%-3% of the labor force who
have no jobs are voluntary or temporarily unemployed, like resting for a few
weeks while raising their reservation wage for the next job offer.
Three, fully-employed yet underemployed persons.
The PSA defines underemployment as “employed persons who
express the desire to have additional hours of work in their present job, or to
have additional job, or to have a new job with longer working hours”
So a person already working 40-50 hours a week and
earning P150k a month but still want additional work because he needs at least
P170k a month or more is technically underemployed, even if he is already well
off compared to the average income of the population.
Four, my experience looking for a house helper last week
in my hometown, Cadiz City, Negros Occidental opened my eyes to what’s
happening on the ground.
I went to four rural barangays, most of which are
sugar-dependent and roads to which are still unpaved until now. These things
surprised me.
(a) Unemployment is almost zero. People have jobs, mostly
low-paying or contractual and seasonal jobs in the informal sector, but people
have jobs. Many of the younger ones are working in Bacolod City, the provincial
and commercial capital, or in Metro Manila. The older ones work in the
sugarcane fields, or tricycle drivers, carpenters, construction workers, in
shops in Cadiz City proper, etc.
(b) Voluntary unemployment is evident. The few who have
no stable jobs and want one chose not to work in Manila for various personal
reasons like they do not want to be far from their kids, parents, etc. They
would rather be unemployed or underemployed than be fully employed but far from
their loved ones. In the provinces, families have relatives and other network
that can help them tide over. Some have parents or siblings who work abroad and
regularly receive their monthly allowance and opt to stay in the province where
the cost of living is low.
(c) High “reservation wage” also exists in the lower
strata of society.
I offered a prospective househelper a starting pay of
P4,000/month + free travel to Manila + days-off or overtime pay on their
days-off (if prefer to work instead) + pay hike after 4 months ++.
One that I interviewed used to receive P6k a month ++ and
will work for me only if I will at least match her last pay. The P6k a month ++
is her reservation wage.
Months before, my sister and other folks told me that it
is hard now to get a helper even in rural areas.
After going to different barangays in three days, I was
able to find one. She’s never been to Metro Manila and she wants to work there.
More importantly, she is my distant relative and I will be comfortable leaving
my two young girls to her when I and my wife go to work. She used to work for a
department store in Cadiz City and enduring a pay of P120/day, 7 a.m. to 7
p.m., sometimes until 8 p.m., no meal or transportation allowance, and only 3
months contractual work.
With those four reasons above, I think that the
Philippines’ unemployment and underemployment data is overstated. Consequently,
even the SWS’ survey data of “self-rated poverty” is also overstated. The actual
state of unemployment in the country should be lower than what is reported.
How to verify, prove or disprove the above hypothesis?
One possible way is to conduct a survey asking people,
with work or no work at the time of the survey, if they are willing to work as
house helpers, as gardeners, as messengers and janitors, etc. in Manila or Cebu
at X monthly pay ++. If people are so poor and desperate for work, they will
grab even “low pay” work and/or being far from their families, just to get a
stable source of income.
Acceptance of those deemed “low pay” work should be
counted as the proxy unemployment rate. If this method can be used, my bet is
that Philippine unemployment rate will be between 1%-3%.
And those endless, ever-expanding government welfare and
subsidy programs should be streamlined to only a few, with a timetable of
cutting them in the future. New welfare programs should be initiated only if
some old welfare programs that obviously do not work are discontinued and
defunded.
Bienvenido S. Oplas, Jr. is the head of Minimal
Government Thinkers, a Fellow of SEANET and Stratbase-ADRi. minimalgovernment@gmail.com
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See also:
BWorld 59, Free trade and Norwegian salmon, May 28, 2016
BWorld 61, 100 indicators better than GDP, June 03, 2016
Fat-Free Econ 34: Rise in Unemployment Rate Not Exactly Bad, December 20, 2012
Fat-Free Econ 34: Rise in Unemployment Rate Not Exactly Bad, December 20, 2012
Fat-Free Econ 38: Jobless Growth vs. Jobless Non-Growth, February 12, 2013
Labor Econ 10: Voluntary and Involuntary Unemployment, February 18, 2013
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